Physical examinations: How to avoid misunderstandings

Case study
Dr Tan was shocked when his practice manager told him that a complaint had been made about him.
 
Dear practice manager
I am writing to tell you about an awful experience I had when I saw Dr Tan recently.
 
I came for a repeat script of the pill, and Dr Tan bullied me into having a cervical screening test (CST).
 
I had never had one before, and I knew I needed to have one, but I was not feeling ready or prepared for it that day. He made me get on the bed, did not explain to me what was happening, and really hurt me with the thing that he used. I begged him to stop, but he said he was nearly finished and kept going. Then he stared at me as I got dressed.
 
I felt humiliated and very uncomfortable, and I don’t know if I will ever be able to have another.
Yours sincerely
Anne
 
Discussion
As in many aspects of medical care, clear communication is key.
 
A doctor must only conduct a physical examination when it is clinically indicated, and with the patient’s informed consent.
 
Before conducting a physical examination, the doctor should explain to the patient why the examination is recommended, what information will be obtained, and how the examination will be conducted.
 
For example, presentation of a female patient with a lump in the axilla would suggest that a breast examination is indicated. However, this may not be obvious to the patient, and the breast examination may be misinterpreted unless the doctor has explained its purpose.
 
The patient should be given an opportunity to ask questions about the proposed examination, and the patient can refuse to have the examination.
 
In this case, Anne felt she was not given the opportunity to refuse the CST. Some patients may need to be emotionally prepared for this examination, and some may not be comfortable with a vaginal examination at all. The option of a self-collected swab for the CST was also not discussed with the patient.
 
During the examination, the doctor should observe the patient and be aware of any verbal or non-verbal signs indicating the patient has withdrawn consent. The doctor should not continue with the examination when consent is uncertain, has been refused, or withdrawn at any time.
 
The patient should be allowed to undress and dress in private, and a suitable ‘modesty sheet’ should be provided so that the patient is covered as much as possible. Gloves should be worn for examining genitals or internal examinations.
 
Guidelines: Sexual Boundaries in the Doctor–Patient Relationship is a valuable resource, and all doctors should familiarise themselves with the contents. Section 7 contains detailed information regarding conducting a physical examination, as well as the use of observers or chaperones.
 
It also features information regarding maintaining appropriate boundaries with patients. The start of an inappropriate relationship between a doctor and a patient may not always be immediately obvious to either the doctor or patient. Doctors need to be alert to warnings that might indicate boundaries are being, or about to be, crossed.
 
Key points:

• Sexual misconduct is an abuse of the doctor–patient relationship and can cause significant and lasting harm to patients
• It is never appropriate for a doctor to engage in a sexual relationship with a current patient
• A doctor must only conduct a physical examination of a patient when it is clinically indicated, and with the patient’s informed consent
• Good, clear communication is the most effective way to avoid misunderstandings in the doctor–patient relationship
• Doctors are responsible for maintaining professional boundaries in the doctor–patient relationship

doctor–patient relationship informed consent MDA National physical examinations