Both non-antibiotic and antibiotic-related strategies to treat women with recurrent urinary tract infections are available.

Strategies to delay progression of chronic kidney disease include lifestyle advice, prevention of acute kidney injury, control of blood pressure and albuminuria, and disease-specific interventions.

When left untreated, urethral strictures can devastate the health and function of the urinary tract.

The management of developmental dysplasia of the hip requires accurate diagnosis of the pathoanatomy and depends on the age of the child.

A man aged 46 years presented to a multidisciplinary team (plastic surgery, radiation oncology, dermatology) with a year-long history of a lentigo maligna on the right ear lobe.

A female patient aged 75 years had undergone bilateral mastectomy and reconstruction with silicone implants following breast cancer seven years ago.

Most viral exanthems can be distinguished initially on the basis of age, distribution and morphology of the rash without requiring investigations.

Sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors are becoming a cornerstone of therapy for type 2 diabetes, kidney disease and heart failure.

Achieving good outcomes for patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease requires a concerted effort to manage and monitor diabetes and associated comorbidities.

Early use of these inexpensive and readily available tools can significantly affect important clinical outcomes for these young patients.

It is important to ensure that planning and funding for effective implementation and evaluation of the guidelines is undertaken in parallel with the guideline development process.

Medication cessation or dose reduction may be required for patients with chronic kidney disease to prevent medication accumulation, adverse medication events and kidney injury.

Patients with advanced age, significant comorbidities and poor functional status may not gain a survival benefit with dialysis when compared with being managed conservatively.

The Focus articles in this issue explore various aspects of chronic kidney disease, as well as cystitis symptoms in women.

Readers express their opinions on published articles and topics of interest.