Sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors are becoming a cornerstone of therapy for type 2 diabetes, kidney disease and heart failure.

Both non-antibiotic and antibiotic-related strategies to treat women with recurrent urinary tract infections are available.

When left untreated, urethral strictures can devastate the health and function of the urinary tract.

The management of developmental dysplasia of the hip requires accurate diagnosis of the pathoanatomy and depends on the age of the child.

A man aged 46 years presented to a multidisciplinary team (plastic surgery, radiation oncology, dermatology) with a year-long history of a lentigo maligna on the right ear lobe.

Most viral exanthems can be distinguished initially on the basis of age, distribution and morphology of the rash without requiring investigations.

A female patient aged 75 years had undergone bilateral mastectomy and reconstruction with silicone implants following breast cancer seven years ago.

Strategies to delay progression of chronic kidney disease include lifestyle advice, prevention of acute kidney injury, control of blood pressure and albuminuria, and disease-specific interventions.

Medication cessation or dose reduction may be required for patients with chronic kidney disease to prevent medication accumulation, adverse medication events and kidney injury.

Patients with advanced age, significant comorbidities and poor functional status may not gain a survival benefit with dialysis when compared with being managed conservatively.

Understanding common presentation and physical examination findings is the first step in diagnosing and, ultimately, managing symptomatic rotational abnormalities in children and adolescents.

There has been some concern about potential side effects of oral, topical or inhaled steroids, including reduction in growth, weight gain, behavioural changes and immunosuppression.

It is reasonable to consider including exercise-based services in the care team to enable patients with non-specific chronic low back pain to transition to self-management.

Transient vision loss can imply serious underlying pathology; therefore, accurate history-taking and astute observation are paramount.

A woman aged 55 years presented to her general practitioner with intermittent episodes of dizziness, sweating and shakiness for the past four months.